Study of Voltage Sags in Electrical Distribution System considering Short Circuits and Distributed Generation
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Distribution Systems are constantly exposed to disturbances that affect the quality of the power supplied. Among these disturbances, voltage sags are the most frequent and have the greatest impact on the operation of modern equipment. This work studies voltage sags based on the results of fault simulations performed on a 14-bars radial system, operated with and without Distributed Generation. The system was simulated in the ATPDraw program. The current results obtained with the ATP program served as a reference for comparing results obtained in a Matlab application developed using the Symmetrical Components and Phase Components methods. They also serve as a reference for the development of a computer program. The work shows that with the Symmetrical Components Method, the results deviate from the reference as the system imbalance increases. The voltages resulting from the ATP allowed the analysis of voltage sags. The analysis was performed by developing boolean matrices that consider the state of all bars. Two indexes related to voltage sags are proposed in this paper: one that characterizes the system as a whole and another that uses the node where an independent generator is located as reference. From these matrices and indexes, contour and color-coded maps are obtained
Downloads
Article Details
Section
References
B.D. Bonatto, E.A. Mertens, L.F.S. Dias, S. Nosaki, E.H. Watanabe, M. Aredes, S. Carneiro and H.W. Dommel, “Eletrônica de Potência e Qualidade da Energia Elétrica: Pesquisas Cooperativas na ELEKTRO, COPPE/UFRJ e UBC – Resultados Práticos,” in II Congresso de Inovação Tecnológica em Energia Elétrica. Salvador, Brasil, 2003.
Y. Han, Y. Feng, P. Yang, L. Xu, Y. Xu and F. Blaabjerg, “Cause, Classification of Voltage Sag, and Voltage Sag Emulators and Applications: A Comprehensive Overview,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2958965.
A.Stano, D.F. Bernardes, J.C.G. Rodrigues and J.M.E. Vicente, “O Impacto do Uso de Microcomputadores na Qualidade da Energia Elétrica. Instituto CGTI – Centro de Gestão de Tecnologia e Inovação”. Campinas, Brasil, 2025. Disponível em https://www.cgti.org.br/publicacoes.
M.V. Bhakkad and B.T. Deshmukh, “Generation of Voltage Sag for different loads and conditions using MATLAB SIMULINK,” in International Conference on Innovative Trends and Advances in Engineering and Technology. Shegoaon, India, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITAET47105.2019.9170228.
C.A.H. Campo, V.G. Garrido, E.C. Peñaranda and P. Guarín, “Harmonic distortion analysis and mitigation in LED public lighting systems using PID control and LC filters,” in IEEE Workshop on Power Electronics and Power Quality Applications. Cartagena, Colombia, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/PEPQA66960.2025.11073514.
Z. Reguieg, I. Bouyakoub and F. Mehedi, “Harmonic mitigation in grid-integrated renewable energy systems with nonlinear loads,” Energy, vol. 324, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135882.
M.D. Teixeira, R.L. Araújo, N.S.R. Quoirin, L.M. Ardjomand, A.R. Aoki, G. Paulillo, A.P Sgobero and I. Wunderlich, “Acceptable Power Quality Limits to Avoid Damage In Appliances,” WSEAS Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 4(5) junho, 2005. Disponível em https://worldses.org/journals/circuits/odl.htm.
S.V. Fukuda, M.D. Teixeira, A.R. Aoki, G. Paulillo, R.L. Araújo, L.M. Ardjomand, N.S.R. Quoirin, R.A. Peniche, I. Wunderlich and A.P. Sgobero, “Avaliação dos Limites de Parâmetros de Qualidade de Energia Aceitáveis para Prevenir Danos em Eletrodomésticos,” in Congresso de Inovação Tecnológica em Energia Elétrica. Florianópolis, Brasil, 2005.
V. Liubcuk, V. Radziukynas, G. Kairaitis and D. Naujokaitis, “Power Quality Impact and Its Assessment: A Review and a Survey of Lithuanian Industrial Companies,” Inventions, 10(30), 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions10020030.
A. Sharma, B.S. Rajpurohit and S.N. Singh, “A review on economics of power quality: Impact, assessment and mitigation,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 88, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.011.
R.C. Dugan, M.F McGranaghan, S. Santoso and H.W. Beaty, Electrical Power Systems Quality. 3a Ed. McGraw Hill, New York, Estados Unidos de América, 2012.
M.H.J. Bollen, M. Speychal and K. Lindén, “Estimation of Dip Frequency from Fault Statistics - Including Three-Phase Characteristics,” in 9th International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems. KTH, Stockholm, Sweden, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1109/PMAPS.2006.360400.
J.C. Gomez and M.M. Morcos, “Voltage sags and recovery time in repetitive events,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 17(4), 2002. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2002.803840.
L. Qun, “Analysis on Fault Statistics in Wenzhou Electric Power Distribution Network,” in Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. Wuhan, China, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2009.4918168.
M.H.J. Bollen, Solving power quality problems: voltage sags and interruptions. New York, Estados Unidos de América: IEEE Press, 1999.
D. Gordon, P. Scott and S. Thiébaux, “SmartGridToolbox: a library for simulating modern and future electricity networks,” arXiv, 2022. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2110.08992.
X. Guo, Y. Li, S. Wang, Y. Cao, M. Zhang, Y. Zhou and N. Yosuke, “A Comprehensive Weight-Based Severity Evaluation Method of Voltage Sag in Distribution Networks,” Energies, 14(19), 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196434.
J.R.S. Martins, D.A. Fernandes, F.F. Costa and M.B.R. Corrêa, “Compensação de tensão trifásica em cargas sensíveis baseada em um sistema de controle repetitivo e mínimos quadrados,” Eletrônica de Potência, 22(3), 2017. https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2017.3.2681.
N. Phannil, S. Ananwattanaporn and C. Pothisarn, “Reduction of impact from voltage sags during faults in distribution system by installing neutral grounding resistor,” in 13th International Electrical Engineering Congress. Hua Hin, Thailand, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/iEECON64081.2025.10987739.
N.P. da Silva, A.C. Francisco, J.L. Kovaleski and M.S. Thomaz, “Avaliação do Impacto das Descargas Atmosféricas na Qualidade de Energia Fornecida pelas Concessionárias: Estudo de Caso em uma Empresa de Distribuição de Energia do Sul do País,” Nucleus, 7(1), 2010. https://doi.org/10.3738/1982.2278-335.
J.C. Ramirez, E. Gómez-Luna and J.C. Vasquez, “Technical and economic feasibility analysis to implement a solid-state transformer in local distribution systems in Colombia,” Energies, 18(14), 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143723.
J. Xie, J. Wei, H. Feng, B. Wu and L. Ran, “A short-circuit protection method for SiC MOSFET using combined Vgs and Vds detection,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 40(9), 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2025.3565503.
H. Okumus, F.M. Nuroglu and S. McLoone, “Ensemble learning for short circuit fault location estimation in distribution networks,” Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 159(A), 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111640.
D. Song, Z. Zhang, Y. Xing and H. Shi, “A medium-voltage side short-circuit fault location method for distribution networks based on low-voltage side phase-to-phase voltage amplitude,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 3043, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3043/1/012158.
C.L. Fortescue, “Method of Symmetrical Co-Ordinates Applied to the Solution of Polyphase Networks,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 37, part II, 1918. https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AIEE.1918.4765570.
C.F. Wagner and R.D. Evans, Symmetrical Components as Applied to the Analysis of Unbalanced Electrical Circuits. 1st ed., New York, Estados Unidos de América: McGraw-Hill, 1933.
M.A. Laughton, “Analysis of unbalanced polyphase networks by the method of phase coordinates. Part II: Fault analysis,” Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 116(5), 1969. https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1969.0160.
E.B. Makram, M.A. Bou-Rabee and A.A. Girgis, “Three-Phase Modeling of Unbalanced Distribution Systems during Open Conductors and/or Shunt Fault Conditions Using the Bus Impedance Matrix,” Electric Power Systems Research, 13(3), 1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(87)90002-2.
H. Saadat, Power system analysis. 2nd ed, New York, Estados Unidos de América: McGraw-Hill´s Primis Custom Publishing, 2002.
S.M. Halpin and L.L. Grigsby, “Fault analysis of multi-phase unbalanced non-radial power distribution systems,” in Proceedings of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Conference, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1994.303574.
H. Li, J. Chen, Y. Liang, F. Liao and G. Wang, “Effects of imbalance on single-phase to ground fault characteristics in low-resistance grounded systems,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 115, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.105504.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE, “IEEE Std 1159-2019 – Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality,” 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2019.8796486.
International Electrotechnical Commision – IEC, “IEC Std 61000-2-2:2002 – Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 2-2: Environment - Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public low-voltage power supply systems,” 2002.
Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica – ANEEL, “Procedimentos de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica no Sistema Elétrico Nacional – PRODIST: Módulo 8 – Qualidade do Fornecimento de Energia Elétrica,” 2023. Brasilia, Brasil.
D.L. Brooks, R.C. Dugan, M. Waclawiak and A. Sundaram, “Indices for assessing utility distribution system RMS variation performance,” IEEE Transactionson Power Delivery 13(1), 1998. https://doi.org/10.1109/61.660886.
H. Liao, S. Abdelrahman, Y. Guo and J.V. Milanovic, “Identification of Weak Areas of Power Network Based on Exposure to Voltage Sags—Part I: Development of Sag Severity Index for Single-Event Characterization,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 30(6), 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2014.2362965.
T. Ackermann, G. Andersson and L. Söder, “Distributed generation: a definition,” Electric Power Systems Research, 57(3), 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7796(01)00101-8.
M. Khodadadi and A. Askarzadeh, “A techno-enviro-economic framework for optimal operation of a battery-driven hybrid energy system with biomass: A risk-averse approach,” Energy, vol. 320, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135273.
N. Permal, F. Nagi, M. Marsadek, A.K. Ramasamy, N. Boopalan, K. Kumar and A.L. Balakrishna, “EV and PV penetration impact on grid with conservative voltage regulation and reactive voltage compensation,” ISA Transactions, vol. 158, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.01.004.
S.L.K. Bharathi, V. Thanigaivelan, S. Shenbagaraman and M.R. Babu, “Hybrid EVO-CFNN approach for improve voltage stability of distribution system performance using superconducting magnetic energy storages inter linked with wind turbine,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 12, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.115465.
S. Roy and R. Singh , “Distributed energy procurement with renewable energy sources in a radial distribution system.” Computers and Electrical Engineering, 123(D), 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2025.110268.
Programa ATPDraw, 2025. http://www.atpdraw.net.
Programa Matlab, 2025. http://www.mathworks.com.
Programa EMTP/ATP, 2025. http://www.empt.com.
S. Quaia and F. Tosato, “The Voltage Sags Matrix: a useful tool for power quality analysis,” Electrotechnical Review, 69(3-4), 2002. Disponível em https://ev.fe.uni-lj.si/3-4-2002/quaia.pdf.
G.G. Santos, A.C. dos Santos, T.L. Oliveira and C.E, Tavares, “Aplicativo computacional para cálculo de curto-circuito e estudos de afundamentos de tensão,” in XIII Conferência de Estudos em Engenharia Elétrica. Uberlândia, Brasil, 2015. Disponível em https://www.peteletricaufu.com.br/ceel/evento/artigos/.
M.F. McGranaghan, D.R. Mueller and M.J. Samoty, “Voltage sags in industrial systems,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 29(2), 1993. https://doi.org/10.1109/28.216550.
W. Liu, L.G. Tu, H.W. Hong and W. Zhong, “An integrated application for voltage sag analysis,” in 20th International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Columbus, OH, Estados Unidos de América, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1997.599386.
M.R. Qader, M.H.J. Bollen and R.N Allan, “Stochastic prediction of voltage sags in a large transmission system,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 35(1), 1999. https://doi.org/10.1109/28.740859.
C. Behera, A. Banik, and A.K Goswami, “A novel approach for voltage sag representation in a chemical industry: A case study,” Engineering Reports, 2(7), 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.12198.
T. Nguyen and Y. Liao, “Power quality disturbance classification utilizing S-transform and binary feature matrix method,” Electric Power Systems Research, 79(4), 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2008.08.007.
S. Jashfar, S. Esmaeili, M. Zareian-Jahromi and M. Rahmanian, “Classification of power quality disturbances using S- transform and TT-transform based on the artificial neural network,” Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 21 (6), 2013. https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1112-51.
E. Espinosa-Juárez and A. Hernández, “A method for voltage sag state estimation in power systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 22(4), 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2007.905587.
G. Carpinelli, P. Caramia, C. Di Perna, P. Varilone and P. Verde, “Complete matrix formulation of fault-position method for voltage-dip characterisation,” IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 1(1), 2007. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd:20050544.
T.R. Kempner, M. Oleskovicz and D.P.S. Gomes, “Optimal monitoring of voltage sags through simultaneous analysis of short-circuits in distribution systems,” IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 11(7), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1648.
S. Jo, J.Y. Oh, Y.T. Yoon and Y.G. Jin, “Self-healing radial distribution network reconfiguration based on deep reinforcement learning,” Results in Engineering, vol. 22, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102026.
A. Mishra, M. Tripathy and P. Ray, “A survey on different techniques for distribution network reconfiguration,” Journal of Engineering Research, 12(1), 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jer.2023.09.001.
R. Fathi, B. Tousi and S. Galvani, “Allocation of renewable resources with radial distribution network reconfiguration using improved salp swarm algorithm,” Applied Soft Computing, vol. 132, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2022.109828.
R. Nebuloni, V. Ilea, C. Bovo, A. Berizzi, C. Arrigoni, F. Re and R. Bonera, “Optimal reconfiguration of radial distribution networks with renewable energy resources by considering configuration shift steps,” Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, vol. 43, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2025.101861.
W.H. Hayt and J.E. Kemmerly, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 2nd ed., New York, EstadosUnidos de América: McGraw-Hill, 1962.
W.D. Stevenson, Elements of Power System Analysis. 2nd ed., New York, Estados Unidos de América: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1962.
M.A. Laughton, “Analysis of unbalanced polyphase networks by the method of phase coordinates. Part I: System representation in phase frame of reference,” Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 115(8), 1968. https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1968.020.
W.H. Kersting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis. 2nd ed., Boca Raton, Florida, Estados Unidos de América: CRC Press, 2007.
S.M. Halpin and L.L. Grigsby, “A comparison of fault calculation procedures for industrial power distribution systems: the past, the present and the future,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT.1994.467213.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE, “IEEE PES Test Feeder,” 2025. Disponível em https://cmte.ieee.org/pes-testfeeders/resources.
Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica – CEPEL, “ANAFAS 2.0 – Programa de Análise de Faltas Simultâneas,” 2023. Disponível em https://www.cepel.br/anafas-2.
P. Janiga, Z. Eleschová and D. Viglaš, “Short-Circuit – Analysis and Calculation,” WSEAS Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 9, 2014. Disponível em https://wseas.com/journals/articles.php?id=5315.
B.R. Sodré, B.A. Silva, A.S. Velloso, B.W França, M.Z. Fortes and G.G. Sotelo, “Desenvolvimento de um aplicativo em VBA para simulação de curto-circuitos em rede de distribuição utilizando o programa ANAFAS,” in Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Elétricos, 2020. https://doi.org/10.48011/sbse.v1i1.2502.